ABSTRACT

There has been a significant rise in the worldwide usage of acetaminophen (ACT), particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to concerns regarding its possible discharge into the environment. Even at low levels, the gradual buildup of ACT can present a significant risk to both aquatic ecosystems and human health, especially when consumed through drinking water. The advanced oxidation process (AOP) is an excellent treatment technique for removing ACT. However, it is a complex and expensive procedure that consumes a significant amount of energy. Membrane technology has evolved as a viable and efficient method to eliminate ACT, offering a simpler and more energy-efficient approach. This study examined the impact of different concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanofiller on the elimination of ACT from a water-based solution. The membrane containing the highest concentration of TiO₂ (2 wt.%) demonstrated the greatest water flux and ACT removal rate at 32 L/m²h and 97%, respectively. The inclusion of TiO₂ had a substantial impact on the structure of the membrane, leading to the formation of evenly distributed finger-like pores throughout a spongy framework. This modification resulted in enhanced flow rate and increased efficiency in terms of the flux and rejection rate.

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